1. Ethnicity DNA makeup*
The testing provides a comprehensive overview of your genetic
make-up and reveals what much percentage of your DNA is shared
with Africans,
Europeans, Asians or Native Americans. The test is based on the
utilization of a BioGeographical Ancestry (BGA) to establish
if you have a relatively
pure ancestry or admixture ancestry. If a mixed ancestry is determined,
then the question becomes involved with percentage contribution
of each race to your ethnicity. This technology is highly developed
now and has been used in high-profile criminal investigations
and
paternity cases.
The testing examines for the presence of 175 SNPs (single nucleotide
polymorphisms) in your DNA. These 175 SNP were selected based
on their BioGeographical polymorphism patterns known as Ancestry
Informative
Markers (AIMs). The identified AIMs have shown high specificity
for individuals from particular populations, ethnicity and
/or geographical
regions. The system can be used to resolve ancestry questions
involved: a. Native Americans who migrated and inhabited
South and Central
America B. Europeans who are from European, Middle Eastern
and South Asian populations (India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka).
C. East
Asian
including Japanese, Chinese, Mongolian, Koreans, Philippines
and South East Pacific Islanders. D. Africans from sub-Saharan
regions
such as Nigeria.
* The testing is based on Ancestryby DNA 2.5
2. Male ancestry DNA test.
The Y-chromosome DNA test is used to establish family ties through
male lineage only because its inheritance is male –specific.
The distinctive male patterns are called haplotypes and they
are used to differentiate between males of different lineages.
Y-chromosome
testing is mostly used to establish relatedness particularly
for individuals with the same last name to see if they share
a common
ancestry.
Y-chromosome
Haplogroups:
• B, E: Found in Sub-Saharan African Lineages
•E,G,H, I, J and R: Found in lineages from Europe, Middle East and
Asia
• C,D,N,O,Q and R: Found in the Asian populations
• P,Q and F: Found in native American lineages
3. Female
Ancestry DNA test or/ Haplogroup Analysis.
Mitochondrial DNA is located in the cytoplasm of
the cell and is passed on by the mother to both
male and female
offsprings
. Although
the male offspring carries the same mtDNA as his
mother, but he is incapable to pass on to his children.
Therefore,
mtDNA
is only inherited
maternally (female to male and female). There are
about 30 major human maternal lineages with many
of them as continent-
specific
(haplogroups). These haplogroups are divided into
sub- lineages which are either regional or population
specific.
The mt DNA
Haplogroups:
• L1, L2 and L3: Found in Sub-Saharan African Lineages
• H, I, J, K,T,U,V,W and X: Found in nearly all lineages from Europe,
East African and Western Asian Caucasian
• X is a native American, Asian, and Eurpoean
haplogroup
• A, B, C, D, E, F, G and M: Found in the majority of the Asian or
Native American lineages
4. European
Ancestry DNA test.
This test will be used to break down your European
heritage into Northern European, Mediterranean,
Middle Eastern and
south Asian
percentages. The test examines about
320 SNP markers (including the 175 SNP markers used above)
to resolve
the following
European Lineages:
• Northern
European
• Southeastern European (Mediterranean)
• Middle Eastern
• South Asian.
The testing is performed only on results revealing greater
50%European Ancestry, less than 15% African Ancestry,
less than 40% for East Asian Ancestry and less than 15% Native American
Ancestry.
5.
Native American ethnicity DNA test
The following three methods will be used to determine
the Native American Ancestry an individual may have.
a. Basic
ethnicity DNA determination. The test is to determine the genetic
percentage
of Native
American,
European, East
Asian and African
ethnicity a person may have. The
test uses 175 SNPs which are referred to as AIMS.
b. mtDNA and maternal iheritance. Most
Native Americans belong to one of
these haplogroups
A, B, C, D and
X.
c. Y-chromosome and paternal inheritance.
Four Y-markers are known to be highly
specific for
males of Native
American Ancestry.
These
four Y-markers include DYS199T, M45,
RPS4Y711 and M242
